A noted psychologist, Abraham Maslow, is credited by
some as coming up with one of my favorite quotes which I am paraphrasing below:
“If the only tool you have is a hammer,
you will see every problem as a nail”
Our Industrial Hygiene tool kit is rich in tools designed to
assess the exposure and risk from the inhalation of toxicants. Indeed, essentially all of our exposure
limits (TLV, PELs, OELs, etc.) are set as airborne concentrations that might
occur in the breathing zone of workers. I am unaware of any similar compendiums of
dermal exposure limits but my readers have pleasantly surprised me in the
past. So if you know of any please send
me an email. mjayjock@gmail.co.
Indeed, if a chemical has a relatively high molecular weight
(say >200 Daltons) and an octanol water partitioning coefficient of greater
than 100, its exposure potential will
most like result more from dermal exposure than from inhalation. Indeed, I seem to remember biological and air
monitoring studies done with pentachlorophenol in open wood treatment lines
showed that the majority (>90%) of
the systemic exposure/dose to the workers came from dermal rather than
inhalation exposure.
I met Chris Packham in London many years ago and he struck
with his focus and dedication to the science of control of worker health risk
from dermal exposure. Clearly he has
continued that dedication with his more current teachings and writings. The following quote was taken from a
document that he recently sent and me and does indeed provide food for thought:
It is well established that
inhalation of toxic chemicals can result in systemic effects, i.e. damage to
internal organs and systems. A great deal of research and development has been
undertaken resulting in strategies and equipment to monitor inhalation exposure.
As a result in many countries there are exposure limits for a wide range of
chemicals. Far less attention has been paid to the potential for chemicals to
penetrate the skin and either cause or contribute to systemic toxic effects.
Yet there is considerable evidence showing the potential for skin exposure to
do this, including with chemicals that are unlikely ever to be inhaled because
of their physical properties.(1) There is also a view that inhalation exposure
results in more serious damage to health than can occur from skin exposure,
often regarded as “just a rash”. Yet the EU Classification, Labelling and
Packaging Regulation (EU1272/2008) contains the Hazard Statement 'H310 – Fatal
in contact with skin'.
In this article the author will
review the evidence showing why, in considering risks of damage to health due
to the use of chemicals, the potential for skin exposure to cause systemic
damage must be an integral part of any chemical exposure risk assessment.
If you would like the
full text of this piece by Chris, just let me know at mjayjock@gmail.com and I will send it to
you.
Chris, has also had a recent (February 2015) piece printed
by the British Occupational Hygiene Society on this subject that I would be happy to send to
you as well.
I would be very interested to hear how readers of this blog
address dermal exposure and risk assessment and how these efforts compare to
what is done for inhalation risks.
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