The model is the Eddy Diffusivity Model. The basic model is presented below:
It may not look like it but the math is pretty
straightforward especially if you let IH MOD do the work (see previous blog
MODELING MATH MADE EASY OR AT LEAST EASIER to learn about IH MOD Excel
Spreadsheet Models and documentation).
Conceptually, the model is pretty simple. If you have a small source its vapors will
radiate out as a sphere if it is suspended in air, They will radiate as a hemisphere if it’s on
a flat surface, as a quarter-sphere if it is on a floor surface along a wall and as a 1/8 sphere
if it’s in the corner. The above equation is for a sphere, the 4 become a 2 for a hemisphere, a 1 for a quarter-sphere and 0.5 for a 1/8 sphere. What is cool
about it is that the concentration is a continuously decreasing gradient as you
go away from the point source. That is,
as the distance from the source (r) increases then C decreases. It does NOT need or use the well-mixed
assumption of the 1 zone or 2 zone models.
Seems like it would be the ideal model for such sources but
there was one major problem. All the
parameters in the model are relatively easy or straightforward to estimate or measure except
D. Indeed, the predictions of this model
are highly depended on D as defined above.
D is dependent on how the air moves about randomly in the indoor
environment and it has historically proven itself to be very difficult to
measure. As a result we have had to use a very wide range of estimates for D and as such the utility of this model was
quite limited.
Enter some sharp researchers from Stanford University
and their work on estimating D from parameters in the room that are much easier
to measure; namely, ventilation rate
expressed as air changer per hour (ACH) and the dimensions of the room. They published their work in the journal of
Environmental Science and Technology (ES&T) which has a very good
reputation. This
part of that paper boils down to the following simple regression relationship:
D = L2
(0.60 (ACH) + 0.25)/60 (units:
m2/min)
L = cube root of the room volume (m)
ACH = mixing air changes per hour in the room volume
(hr-1)
The R2 regression fit for this sub-model is 0.70 which means
that 70% of the relationship between D and the room volume and ventilation and
D is explained or predicted by the model and about 30% is unexplained or random
noise. In my experience, given the other
uncertainties involved, this is pretty good. This algorithm is applicable over an ACH range
of 0.1 to 2.0. Dr. Kai-Chung Cheng was first author on this
paper and it is my understanding that he is pursuing additional work to sharpen
up this relationship and to add to its applicability. Dr. Rachael Jones (University of Illinois at
Chicago, School or Public Health) is also a brilliant modeler and a very active researcher in this area. I understand that she is also planning
research to deepen our quantitative understanding of these relationships. In the mean time I have put the above
algorithm to estimate D into a spreadsheet which I will happily send to whoever
asks me for it at mjayjock@gmail.com.
I plan to use it whenever I use the 2 box model (see
previous blog: THE MOST VERSATILE AND WELL-TESTED INHALATION MODEL) to compare
the results and try and learn something about what these different models are telling us.
The reference for the Stanford paper is:
Kai-Chung Cheng, Viviana Acevedo-Bolton, Ruo-Ting Jiang, Neil E.
Klepeis, Wayne R. Ott, Oliver B. Fringer, and Lynn: Modeling Exposure Close
to Air Pollution Sources in Naturally Ventilated Residences: Association of
Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient with Air Change Rate M. Hildemann, dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103080p | Environ. Sci.
Technol. 2011, 45, 4016–4022
I am quite sure that Dr. Cheng will be happy to send you a pdf
copy if you write to him at: KaiChung Cheng kccheng78@gmail.com
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